Name

asctime, ctime, gmtime, localtime, mktime, asctime_r, ctime_r, gmtime_r, localtime_r — transform date and time to broken-down time or ASCII

Synopsis

#include <time.h>
char *asctime( const struct tm *  tm);
char *asctime_r( const struct tm *  tm,
  char *  buf);
char *ctime( const time_t *  timep);
char *ctime_r( const time_t *  timep,
  char *  buf);
struct tm *gmtime( const time_t *  timep);
struct tm *gmtime_r( const time_t *  timep,
  struct tm *  result);
struct tm *localtime( const time_t *  timep);
struct tm *localtime_r( const time_t *  timep,
  struct tm *  result);
time_t mktime( struct tm *  tm);
[Note] Note
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r(), localtime_r():
_POSIX_C_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

The ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() functions all take an argument of data type time_t which represents calendar time. When interpreted as an absolute time value, it represents the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

The asctime() and mktime() functions both take an argument representing broken-down time which is a representation separated into year, month, day, etc.

Broken-down time is stored in the structure tm which is defined in <time.h> as follows:

struct tm {
  int   tm_sec;
/* seconds */
  int   tm_min;
/* minutes */
  int   tm_hour;
/* hours */
  int   tm_mday;
/* day of the month */
  int   tm_mon;
/* month */
  int   tm_year;
/* year */
  int   tm_wday;
/* day of the week */
  int   tm_yday;
/* day in the year */
  int   tm_isdst;
/* daylight saving time */
};

The members of the tm structure are:

tm_sec

The number of seconds after the minute, normally in the range 0 to 59, but can be up to 60 to allow for leap seconds.

tm_min

The number of minutes after the hour, in the range 0 to 59.

tm_hour

The number of hours past midnight, in the range 0 to 23.

tm_mday

The day of the month, in the range 1 to 31.

tm_mon

The number of months since January, in the range 0 to 11.

tm_year

The number of years since 1900.

tm_wday

The number of days since Sunday, in the range 0 to 6.

tm_yday

The number of days since January 1, in the range 0 to 365.

tm_isdst

A flag that indicates whether daylight saving time is in effect at the time described. The value is positive if daylight saving time is in effect, zero if it is not, and negative if the information is not available.

The call ctime(t) is equivalent to asctime(localtime(t)). It converts the calendar time t into a string of the form

"Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993\n"

The abbreviations for the days of the week are `Sun', `Mon', `Tue', `Wed', `Thu', `Fri', and `Sat'. The abbreviations for the months are `Jan', `Feb', `Mar', `Apr', `May', `Jun', `Jul', `Aug', `Sep', `Oct', `Nov', and `Dec'. The return value points to a statically allocated string which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions. The function also sets the external variable tzname (see tzset(3)) with information about the current time zone. The re-entrant version ctime_r() does the same, but stores the string in a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26. It need not set tzname.

The gmtime() function converts the calendar time timep to broken-down time representation, expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It may return NULL when the year does not fit into an integer. The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions. The gmtime_r() function does the same, but stores the data in a user-supplied struct.

The localtime() function converts the calendar time timep to broken-time representation, expressed relative to the user's specified time zone. The function acts as if it called tzset(3) and sets the external variables tzname with information about the current time zone, timezone with the difference between Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and local standard time in seconds, and daylight to a nonzero value if daylight savings time rules apply during some part of the year. The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions. The localtime_r() function does the same, but stores the data in a user-supplied struct. It need not set tzname.

The asctime() function converts the broken-down time value tm into a string with the same format as ctime(). The return value points to a statically allocated string which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions. The asctime_r() function does the same, but stores the string in a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26.

The mktime() function converts a broken-down time structure, expressed as local time, to calendar time representation. The function ignores the specified contents of the structure members tm_wday and tm_yday and recomputes them from the other information in the broken-down time structure. If structure members are outside their legal interval, they will be normalized (so that, for example, 40 October is changed into 9 November). Calling mktime() also sets the external variable tzname with information about the current time zone. If the specified broken-down time cannot be represented as calendar time (seconds since the Epoch), mktime() returns a value of (time_t) −1 and does not alter the tm_wday and tm_yday members of the broken-down time structure.

RETURN VALUE

Each of these functions returns the value described, or NULL (−1 in case of mktime()) in case an error was detected.

CONFORMING TO

POSIX.1-2001. C89 and C99 specify asctime(), ctime(), gmtime(), localtime(), and mktime()

NOTES

The four functions asctime(), ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() return a pointer to static data and hence are not thread-safe. Thread-safe versions asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r() and localtime_r() are specified by SUSv2, and available since libc 5.2.5.

In many implementations, including glibc, a 0 in tm_mday is interpreted as meaning the last day of the preceding month.

The glibc version of struct tm has additional fields

long tm_gmtoff;           /* Seconds east of UTC */
const char *tm_zone;      /* Timezone abbreviation */

defined when _BSD_SOURCE was set before including <time.h> This is a BSD extension, present in 4.3BSD-Reno.

According to POSIX.1-2004, localtime() is required to behave as though tzset() was called, while localtime_r() does not have this requirement. For portable code tzset() should be called before localtime_r().

SEE ALSO

date(1), gettimeofday(2), time(2), utime(2), clock(3), difftime(3), strftime(3), strptime(3), timegm(3), tzset(3), time(7)

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 2.79 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


  Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (davidprism.demon.co.uk)

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References consulted:
    Linux libc source code
    Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)
    386BSD man pages
Modified Sat Jul 24 19:49:27 1993 by Rik Faith (faithcs.unc.edu)
Modified Fri Apr 26 12:38:55 MET DST 1996 by Martin Schulze (joeylinux.de)
Modified 2001-11-13, aeb
Modified 2001-12-13, joey, aeb
Modified 2004-11-16, mtk