| Symbol/Command |
Meaning/Action
|
| > |
Redirect output. |
| >> |
Append output to file. |
| < |
Redirect input. |
| << |
``Here'' document (redirect input). |
| | |
Pipe output. |
| & |
Run process in background. |
| ; |
Separate commands on same line. |
| * |
Match any character(s) in filename. |
| ? |
Match single character in filename. |
| !n |
Repeat command number n. |
| [ ] |
Match any characters enclosed. |
| ( ) |
Execute in subshell. |
| ` ` |
Substitute output of enclosed command. |
| " " |
Partial quote (allows variable and command expansion). |
| \ |
Quote following character. |
| $var |
Use value for variable. |
| $$ |
Process ID. |
| $0 |
Command name. |
| $n |
nth argument (0<n 9). |
| $* |
All arguments. |
| # |
Begin comment. |
| bg |
Background execution. |
| break |
Break from loop statements. |
| cd |
Change directories. |
| continue |
Resume a program loop. |
| echo |
Display output. |
| eval |
Evaluate arguments. |
| exec |
Execute a new shell or other program. |
| fg |
Foreground execution. |
| jobs |
Show active jobs. |
| kill |
Terminate running jobs. |
| newgrp |
Change to a new group. |
| shift |
Shift positional parameters. |
| stop |
Suspend a background job. |
| suspend |
Suspend a foreground job. |
| umask |
Set or list permissions on files to be created. |
| unset |
Erase variable or function definitions. |
| wait |
Wait for a background job to finish. |
