Test Operations

With the test command, you can compare integers, compare strings, and even perform logical operations. The command consists of the keyword test followed by the values being compared, separated by an option that specifies what kind of comparison is taking place. The option can be thought of as the operator, but it is written, like other options, with a minus sign and letter codes. For example, -eq is the option that represents the equality comparison. However, there are two string operations that actually use an operator instead of an option. When you compare two strings for equality you use the equal sign, =. For inequality you use !=. Table 8-6 lists some of the commonly used options and operators used by test. The syntax for the test command is shown here:

test value -option value
test string = string

Table 8-6: BASH Shell Test Operators

Integer Comparisons	Function
-gt	Greater-than
-lt	Less-than
-ge	Greater-than-or-equal-to
-le	Less-than-or-equal-to
-eq	Equal
-ne	Not-equal
String Comparisons
-z	Tests for empty string
=	Equal strings
!=	Not-equal strings
Logical Operations
-a	Logical AND
-o	Logical OR
!	Logical NOT
File Tests
-f	File exists and is a regular file
-s	File is not empty
-r	File is readable
-w	File can be written to, modified
-x	File is executable
-d	Filename is a directory name

In the next example, the user compares two integer values to see if they are equal. In this case, you need to use the equality option, -eq. The exit status of the test command is examined to find out the result of the test operation. The shell special variable $? holds the exit status of the most recently executed Linux command.

$ num=5
$ test $num -eq 10
$ echo $?
1

Instead of using the keyword test for the test command, you can use enclosing brackets. The command test $greeting = "hi" can be written as

$ [ $greeting = "hi" ]

Similarly, the test command test $num -eq 10 can be written as

$ [ $num -eq 10 ]

The brackets themselves must be surrounded by white space: a space, TAB, or ENTER. Without the spaces, it would be invalid.

Conditional Control Structures

The BASH shell has a set of conditional control structures that allow you to choose what Linux commands to execute. Many of these are similar to conditional control structures found in programming languages, but there are some differences. The if condition tests the success of a Linux command, not an expression. Furthermore, the end of an if-then command must be indicated with the keyword fi, and the end of a case command is indicated with the keyword esac. The condition control structures are listed in Table 8-7.

The if structure places a condition on commands. That condition is the exit status of a specific Linux command. If a command is successful, returning an exit status of 0, then the commands within the if structure are executed. If the exit status is anything other than 0, then the command has failed and the commands within the if structure are not executed. The if command begins with the keyword if and is followed by a Linux command whose exit condition will be evaluated. The keyword fi ends the command. The elsels script in the next example executes the ls command to list files with two different possible options, either by size or with all file information. If the user enters an s, files are listed by size; otherwise, all file information is listed.

Table 8-7: BASH Shell Control Structures

Condition Control Structures: if, else, elif, case	Function
if command then     command fi	if executes an action if its test command is true.
if command then     command else     command fi	if-else executes an action if the exit status of its test command is true; if false, then the else action is executed.
if command then     command elif command then     command else     command fi	elif allows you to nest if structures, enabling selection among several alternatives; at the first true if structure, its commands are executed and control leaves the entire elif structure.
case string in pattern)     command;; esac	case matches the string value to any of several patterns; if a pattern is matched, its associated commands are executed.
command && command	The logical AND condition returns a true 0 value if both commands return a true 0 value; if one returns a non-zero value, then the AND condition is false and also returns a non-zero value.
command || command	The logical OR condition returns a true 0 value if one or the other command returns a true 0 value; if both commands return a non-zero value, then the OR condition is false and also returns a non-zero value.
! command	The logical NOT condition inverts the return value of the command.
Loop Control Structures: while, until, for, for-in, select
while command do     command done	while executes an action as long as its test command is true.
until command do     command done	until executes an action as long as its test command is false.
for variable in list-values do     command done	for-in is designed for use with lists of values; the variable operand is consecutively assigned the values in the list.
for variable do     command done	for is designed for reference script arguments; the variable operand is consecutively assigned each argument value.
select string in item-list do     command done	select creates a menu based on the items in the item-list; then it executes the command; the command is usually a case.

A run of the program follows:

$ elsels
Enter s to list file sizes,
otherwise all file information is listed.
Please enter option: s
total 2
    1 monday     2 today
$

Loop Control Structures

The while loop repeats commands. A while loop begins with the keyword while and is followed by a Linux command. The keyword do follows on the next line. The end of the loop is specified by the keyword done. The Linux command used in while structures is often a test command indicated by enclosing brackets.

The for-in structure is designed to reference a list of values sequentially. It takes two operands—a variable and a list of values. The values in the list are assigned one by one to the variable in the for-in structure. Like the while command, the for-in structure is a loop. Each time through the loop, the next value in the list is assigned to the variable. When the end of the list is reached, the loop stops. Like the while loop, the body of a for-in loop begins with the keyword do and ends with the keyword done. The cbackup script makes a backup of each file and places it in a directory called sourcebak. Notice the use of the * special character to generate a list of all filenames with a .c extension.

A run of the program follows:

$ cbackup
io.c
lib.c
main.c
$

The for structure without a specified list of values takes as its list of values the command line arguments. The arguments specified on the command line when the shell file is invoked become a list of values referenced by the for command. The variable used in the for command is set automatically to each argument value in sequence. The first time through the loop, the variable is set to the value of the first argument. The second time, it is set to the value of the second argument.