Name

environ — user environment

Synopsis

extern char **environ;
  

DESCRIPTION

The variable environ points to an array of strings called the "environment". (This variable must be declared in the user program, but is declared in the header file <unistd.h> in case the header files came from libc4 or libc5, and in case they came from glibc and _GNU_SOURCE was defined.) This array of strings is made available to the process by the exec(3) call that started the process. By convention these strings have the form "name=value". Common examples are:

USER

The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived programs).

LOGNAME

The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived programs).

HOME

A user's login directory, set by login(1) from the password file passwd(5).

LANG

The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not overridden by LC_ALL or more specific environment variables like LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, cf. locale(5).

PATH

The sequence of directory prefixes that sh(1) and many other programs apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname. The prefixes are separated by ':'. (Similarly one has CDPATH used by some shells to find the target of a change directory command, MANPATH used by man(1) to find manual pages, etc.)

PWD

The current working directory. Set by some shells.

SHELL

The pathname of the user's login shell.

TERM

The terminal type for which output is to be prepared.

PAGER

The user's preferred utility to display text files.

EDITOR/VISUAL

The user's preferred utility to edit text files.

Further names may be placed in the environment by the export command and "name=value" in sh(1), or by the setenv command if you use csh(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point of an exec(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the functions getenv(3), putenv(3), setenv(3), and unsetenv(3).

Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is influenced by the presence or value of certain environment variables. A random collection:

The variables LANG, LANGUAGE, NLSPATH, LOCPATH, LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, etc. influence locale handling, cf. locale(5).

TMPDIR influences the path prefix of names created by tmpnam(3) and other routines, the temporary directory used by sort(1) and other programs, etc.

LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_PRELOAD and other LD_* variables influence the behavior of the dynamic loader/linker.

POSIXLY_CORRECT makes certain programs and library routines follow the prescriptions of POSIX.

The behavior of malloc(3) is influenced by MALLOC_* variables.

The variable HOSTALIASES gives the name of a file containing aliases to be used with gethostbyname(3).

TZ and TZDIR give time zone information used by tzset(3) and through that by functions like ctime(3), localtime(3), mktime(3), strftime(3). See also tzselect(8).

TERMCAP gives information on how to address a given terminal (or gives the name of a file containing such information).

COLUMNS and LINES tell applications about the window size, possibly overriding the actual size.

PRINTER or LPDEST may specify the desired printer to use. See lpr(1).

Etc.

BUGS

Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has been tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for IFS or LD_LIBRARY_PATH.

There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like make and autoconf allow overriding of default utility names from the environment with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one uses CC to select the desired C compiler (and similarly MAKE, AR, AS, FC, LD, LEX, RM, YACC, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such an environment variable gives options for the program instead of a pathname. Thus, one has MORE, LESS, and GZIP. Such usage is considered mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors of gzip should consider renaming their option to GZIP_OPT.

SEE ALSO

bash(1), csh(1), login(1), sh(1), tcsh(1), execve(2), clearenv(3), exec(3), getenv(3), putenv(3), setenv(3), unsetenv(3), locale(5)

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 2.79 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


  Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michaelmoria.de),
  Fri Apr  2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
and Andries Brouwer (aebcwi.nl), Fri Feb 14 21:47:50 1997.

This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
the License, or (at your option) any later version.

The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
document formatting or typesetting system, including
intermediate and printed output.

This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
USA.

Modified Sun Jul 25 10:45:30 1993 by Rik Faith (faithcs.unc.edu)
Modified Sun Jul 21 21:25:26 1996 by Andries Brouwer (aebcwi.nl)
Modified Mon Oct 21 17:47:19 1996 by Eric S. Raymond (esrthyrsus.com)
Modified Wed Aug 27 20:28:58 1997 by Nicolás Lichtmaier (nickdebian.org)
Modified Mon Sep 21 00:00:26 1998 by Andries Brouwer (aebcwi.nl)
Modified Wed Jan 24 06:37:24 2001 by Eric S. Raymond (esrthyrsus.com)
Modified Thu Dec 13 23:53:27 2001 by Martin Schulze <joeyinfodrom.org>