svipc(7) — Linux manual pages

svipc
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Name

svipc — System V interprocess communication mechanisms

Synopsis

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>

DESCRIPTION

This manual page refers to the Linux implementation of the System V interprocess communication mechanisms: message queues, semaphore sets, and shared memory segments. In the following, the word resource means an instantiation of one among such mechanisms.

Resource Access Permissions

For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type struct ipc_perm to store information needed in determining permissions to perform an ipc operation. The ipc_perm structure, defined by the <sys/ipc.h> system header file, includes the following members:

struct ipc_perm {

uid_t cuid;
/* creator user ID */

gid_t cgid;
/* creator group ID */

uid_t uid;
/* owner user ID */

gid_t gid;
/* owner group ID */

unsigned short mode;
/* r/w permissions */

};

The mode member of the ipc_perm structure defines, with its lower 9 bits, the access permissions to the resource for a process executing an ipc system call. The permissions are interpreted as follows:

    0400    Read by user.
    0200    Write by user.
    0040    Read by group.
    0020    Write by group.
    0004    Read by others.
    0002    Write by others.

Bits 0100, 0010, and 0001 (the execute bits) are unused by the system. Furthermore, "write" effectively means "alter" for a semaphore set.

The same system header file also defines the following symbolic constants:

IPC_CREAT: Create entry if key doesn't exist.
IPC_EXCL: Fail if key exists.
IPC_NOWAIT: Error if request must wait.
IPC_PRIVATE: Private key.
IPC_RMID: Remove resource.
IPC_SET: Set resource options.
IPC_STAT: Get resource options.

Note that IPC_PRIVATE is a key_t type, while all the other symbolic constants are flag fields and can be OR'ed into an int type variable.

Message Queues

A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its msqid) and has an associated data structure of type struct msqid_ds, defined in <sys/msg.h> containing the following members:

struct msqid_ds {

struct ipc_perm msg_perm;

msgqnum_t msg_qnum;
/* no of messages on queue */

msglen_t msg_qbytes;
/* bytes max on a queue */

pid_t msg_lspid;
/* PID of last msgsnd(2) call */

pid_t msg_lrpid;
/* PID of last msgrcv(2) call */

time_t msg_stime;
/* last msgsnd(2) time */

time_t msg_rtime;
/* last msgrcv(2) time */

time_t msg_ctime;
/* last change time */

};

msg_perm: ipc_perm structure that specifies the access permissions on the message queue.
msg_qnum: Number of messages currently on the message queue.
msg_qbytes: Maximum number of bytes of message text allowed on the message queue.
msg_lspid: ID of the process that performed the last msgsnd(2) system call.
msg_lrpid: ID of the process that performed the last msgrcv(2) system call.
msg_stime: Time of the last msgsnd(2) system call.
msg_rtime: Time of the last msgrcv(2) system call.
msg_ctime: Time of the last system call that changed a member of the msqid_ds structure.

Semaphore Sets

A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its semid) and has an associated data structure of type struct semid_ds, defined in <sys/sem.h> containing the following members:

struct semid_ds {

struct ipc_perm sem_perm;

time_t sem_otime;
/* last operation time */

time_t sem_ctime;
/* last change time */

unsigned long sem_nsems;
/* count of sems in set */

};

sem_perm: ipc_perm structure that specifies the access permissions on the semaphore set.
sem_otime: Time of last semop(2) system call.
sem_ctime: Time of last semctl(2) system call that changed a member of the above structure or of one semaphore belonging to the set.
sem_nsems: Number of semaphores in the set. Each semaphore of the set is referenced by a non-negative integer ranging from 0 to sem_nsems−1.

A semaphore is a data structure of type struct sem containing the following members:

struct sem {

int semval;
/* semaphore value */

int sempid;
/* PID for last operation */

};

semval: Semaphore value: a non-negative integer.
sempid: ID of the last process that performed a semaphore operation on this semaphore.

Shared Memory Segments

A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its shmid) and has an associated data structure of type struct shmid_ds, defined in <sys/shm.h> containing the following members:

struct shmid_ds {

struct ipc_perm shm_perm;

size_t shm_segsz;
/* size of segment */

pid_t shm_cpid;
/* PID of creator */

pid_t shm_lpid;
/* PID, last operation */

shmatt_t shm_nattch;
/* no. of current attaches */

time_t shm_atime;
/* time of last attach */

time_t shm_dtime;
/* time of last detach */

time_t shm_ctime;
/* time of last change */

};

shm_perm: ipc_perm structure that specifies the access permissions on the shared memory segment.
shm_segsz: Size in bytes of the shared memory segment.
shm_cpid: ID of the process that created the shared memory segment.
shm_lpid: ID of the last process that executed a shmat(2) or shmdt(2) system call.
shm_nattch: Number of current alive attaches for this shared memory segment.
shm_atime: Time of the last shmat(2) system call.
shm_dtime: Time of the last shmdt(2) system call.
shm_ctime: Time of the last shmctl(2) system call that changed shmid_ds.

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 2.79 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

  Copyright 1993 Giorgio Ciucci (giorgiocrcc.it)

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
professionally.

Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.

FIXME There is now duplication of some of the information
below in semctl.2, msgctl.2, and shmctl.2 -- MTK, Nov 04

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struct	ipc_perm {
	uid_t	`cuid`;	/* creator user ID */
	gid_t	`cgid`;	/* creator group ID */
	uid_t	`uid`;	/* owner user ID */
	gid_t	`gid`;	/* owner group ID */
	unsigned short	`mode`;	/* r/w permissions */
};

struct	msqid_ds {
	struct ipc_perm	`msg_perm`;
	msgqnum_t	`msg_qnum`;	/* no of messages on queue */
	msglen_t	`msg_qbytes`;	/* bytes max on a queue */
	pid_t	`msg_lspid`;	/* PID of last msgsnd(2) call */
	pid_t	`msg_lrpid`;	/* PID of last msgrcv(2) call */
	time_t	`msg_stime`;	/* last msgsnd(2) time */
	time_t	`msg_rtime`;	/* last msgrcv(2) time */
	time_t	`msg_ctime`;	/* last change time */
};

struct	semid_ds {
	struct ipc_perm	`sem_perm`;
	time_t	`sem_otime`;	/* last operation time */
	time_t	`sem_ctime`;	/* last change time */
	unsigned long	`sem_nsems`;	/* count of sems in set */
};

struct	sem {
	int	`semval`;	/* semaphore value */
	int	`sempid`;	/* PID for last operation */
};

struct	shmid_ds {
	struct ipc_perm	`shm_perm`;
	size_t	`shm_segsz`;	/* size of segment */
	pid_t	`shm_cpid`;	/* PID of creator */
	pid_t	`shm_lpid`;	/* PID, last operation */
	shmatt_t	`shm_nattch`;	/* no. of current attaches */
	time_t	`shm_atime`;	/* time of last attach */
	time_t	`shm_dtime`;	/* time of last detach */
	time_t	`shm_ctime`;	/* time of last change */
};