

•	Table of Contents

UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API
By W. Richard Stevens, Bill Fenner, Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher	: Addison Wesley
Pub Date	: November 21, 2003
ISBN	: 0-13-141155-1
Pages	: 1024

Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series

Foreword

Preface

Introduction

Changes from the Second Edition

Using This Book

Source Code and Errata Availability

Acknowledgments

Part 1: Introduction and TCP/IP

Chapter 1. Introduction

Section 1.1. Introduction

Section 1.2. A Simple Daytime Client

Section 1.3. Protocol Independence

Section 1.4. Error Handling: Wrapper Functions

Section 1.5. A Simple Daytime Server

Section 1.6. Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text

Section 1.7. OSI Model

Section 1.8. BSD Networking History

Section 1.9. Test Networks and Hosts

Section 1.10. Unix Standards

Section 1.11. 64-Bit Architectures

Section 1.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP

Section 2.1. Introduction

Section 2.2. The Big Picture

Section 2.3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Section 2.4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Section 2.5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Section 2.6. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination

Section 2.7. TIME_WAIT State

Section 2.8. SCTP Association Establishment and Termination

Section 2.9. Port Numbers

Section 2.10. TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers

Section 2.11. Buffer Sizes and Limitations

Section 2.12. Standard Internet Services

Section 2.13. Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications

Section 2.14. Summary

Exercises

Part 2: Elementary Sockets

Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction

Section 3.1. Introduction

Section 3.2. Socket Address Structures

Section 3.3. Value-Result Arguments

Section 3.4. Byte Ordering Functions

Section 3.5. Byte Manipulation Functions

Section 3.6. inet_aton, inet_addr, and inet_ntoa Functions

Section 3.7. inet_pton and inet_ntop Functions

Section 3.8. sock_ntop and Related Functions

Section 3.9. readn, writen, and readline Functions

Section 3.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets

Section 4.1. Introduction

Section 4.2. socket Function

Section 4.3. connect Function

Section 4.4. bind Function

Section 4.5. listen Function

Section 4.6. accept Function

Section 4.7. fork and exec Functions

Section 4.8. Concurrent Servers

Section 4.9. close Function

Section 4.10. getsockname and getpeername Functions

Section 4.11. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 5. TCP Client/Server Example

Section 5.1. Introduction

Section 5.2. TCP Echo Server: main Function

Section 5.3. TCP Echo Server: str_echo Function

Section 5.4. TCP Echo Client: main Function

Section 5.5. TCP Echo Client: str_cli Function

Section 5.6. Normal Startup

Section 5.7. Normal Termination

Section 5.8. POSIX Signal Handling

Section 5.9. Handling SIGCHLD Signals

Section 5.10. wait and waitpid Functions

Section 5.11. Connection Abort before accept Returns

Section 5.12. Termination of Server Process

Section 5.13. SIGPIPE Signal

Section 5.14. Crashing of Server Host

Section 5.15. Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host

Section 5.16. Shutdown of Server Host

Section 5.17. Summary of TCP Example

Section 5.18. Data Format

Section 5.19. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 6. I/O Multiplexing: The select and poll Functions

Section 6.1. Introduction

Section 6.2. I/O Models

Section 6.3. select Function

Section 6.4. str_cli Function (Revisited)

Section 6.5. Batch Input and Buffering

Section 6.6. shutdown Function

Section 6.7. str_cli Function (Revisited Again)

Section 6.8. TCP Echo Server (Revisited)

Section 6.9. pselect Function

Section 6.10. poll Function

Section 6.11. TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again)

Section 6.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 7. Socket Options

Section 7.1. Introduction

Section 7.2. getsockopt and setsockopt Functions

Section 7.3. Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default

Section 7.4. Socket States

Section 7.5. Generic Socket Options

Section 7.6. IPv4 Socket Options

Section 7.7. ICMPv6 Socket Option

Section 7.8. IPv6 Socket Options

Section 7.9. TCP Socket Options

Section 7.10. SCTP Socket Options

Section 7.11. fcntl Function

Section 7.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets

Section 8.1. Introduction

Section 8.2. recvfrom and sendto Functions

Section 8.3. UDP Echo Server: main Function

Section 8.4. UDP Echo Server: dg_echo Function

Section 8.5. UDP Echo Client: main Function

Section 8.6. UDP Echo Client: dg_cli Function

Section 8.7. Lost Datagrams

Section 8.8. Verifying Received Response

Section 8.9. Server Not Running

Section 8.10. Summary of UDP Example

Section 8.11. connect Function with UDP

Section 8.12. dg_cli Function (Revisited)

Section 8.13. Lack of Flow Control with UDP

Section 8.14. Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP

Section 8.15. TCP and UDP Echo Server Using select

Section 8.16. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 9. Elementary SCTP Sockets

Section 9.1. Introduction

Section 9.2. Interface Models

Section 9.3. sctp_bindx Function

Section 9.4. sctp_connectx Function

Section 9.5. sctp_getpaddrs Function

Section 9.6. sctp_freepaddrs Function

Section 9.7. sctp_getladdrs Function

Section 9.8. sctp_freeladdrs Function

Section 9.9. sctp_sendmsg Function

Section 9.10. sctp_recvmsg Function

Section 9.11. sctp_opt_info Function

Section 9.12. sctp_peeloff Function

Section 9.13. shutdown Function

Section 9.14. Notifications

Section 9.15. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 10. SCTP Client/Server Example

Section 10.1. Introduction

Section 10.2. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: main Function

Section 10.3. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: main Function

Section 10.4. SCTP Streaming Echo Client: str_cli Function

Section 10.5. Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking

Section 10.6. Controlling the Number of Streams

Section 10.7. Controlling Termination

Section 10.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 11. Name and Address Conversions

Section 11.1. Introduction

Section 11.2. Domain Name System (DNS)

Section 11.3. gethostbyname Function

Section 11.4. gethostbyaddr Function

Section 11.5. getservbyname and getservbyport Functions

Section 11.6. getaddrinfo Function

Section 11.7. gai_strerror Function

Section 11.8. freeaddrinfo Function

Section 11.9. getaddrinfo Function: IPv6

Section 11.10. getaddrinfo Function: Examples

Section 11.11. host_serv Function

Section 11.12. tcp_connect Function

Section 11.13. tcp_listen Function

Section 11.14. udp_client Function

Section 11.15. udp_connect Function

Section 11.16. udp_server Function

Section 11.17. getnameinfo Function

Section 11.18. Re-entrant Functions

Section 11.19. gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Functions

Section 11.20. Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions

Section 11.21. Other Networking Information

Section 11.22. Summary

Exercises

Part 3: Advanced Sockets

Chapter 12. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability

Section 12.1. Introduction

Section 12.2. IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server

Section 12.3. IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server

Section 12.4. IPv6 Address-Testing Macros

Section 12.5. Source Code Portability

Section 12.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes and the inetd Superserver

Section 13.1. Introduction

Section 13.2. syslogd Daemon

Section 13.3. syslog Function

Section 13.4. daemon_init Function

Section 13.5. inetd Daemon

Section 13.6. daemon_inetd Function

Section 13.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O Functions

Section 14.1. Introduction

Section 14.2. Socket Timeouts

Section 14.3. recv and send Functions

Section 14.4. readv and writev Functions

Section 14.5. recvmsg and sendmsg Functions

Section 14.6. Ancillary Data

Section 14.7. How Much Data Is Queued?

Section 14.8. Sockets and Standard I/O

Section 14.9. Advanced Polling

Section 14.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 15. Unix Domain Protocols

Section 15.1. Introduction

Section 15.2. Unix Domain Socket Address Structure

Section 15.3. socketpair Function

Section 15.4. Socket Functions

Section 15.5. Unix Domain Stream Client/Server

Section 15.6. Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server

Section 15.7. Passing Descriptors

Section 15.8. Receiving Sender Credentials

Section 15.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 16. Nonblocking I/O

Section 16.1. Introduction

Section 16.2. Nonblocking Reads and Writes: str_cli Function (Revisited)

Section 16.3. Nonblocking connect

Section 16.4. Nonblocking connect: Daytime Client

Section 16.5. Nonblocking connect: Web Client

Section 16.6. Nonblocking accept

Section 16.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 17. ioctl Operations

Section 17.1. Introduction

Section 17.2. ioctl Function

Section 17.3. Socket Operations

Section 17.4. File Operations

Section 17.5. Interface Configuration

Section 17.6. get_ifi_info Function

Section 17.7. Interface Operations

Section 17.8. ARP Cache Operations

Section 17.9. Routing Table Operations

Section 17.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 18. Routing Sockets

Section 18.1. Introduction

Section 18.2. Datalink Socket Address Structure

Section 18.3. Reading and Writing

Section 18.4. sysctl Operations

Section 18.5. get_ifi_info Function (Revisited)

Section 18.6. Interface Name and Index Functions

Section 18.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 19. Key Management Sockets

Section 19.1. Introduction

Section 19.2. Reading and Writing

Section 19.3. Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB)

Section 19.4. Creating a Static Security Association (SA)

Section 19.5. Dynamically Maintaining SAs

Section 19.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 20. Broadcasting

Section 20.1. Introduction

Section 20.2. Broadcast Addresses

Section 20.3. Unicast versus Broadcast

Section 20.4. dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting

Section 20.5. Race Conditions

Section 20.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 21. Multicasting

Section 21.1. Introduction

Section 21.2. Multicast Addresses

Section 21.3. Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN

Section 21.4. Multicasting on a WAN

Section 21.5. Source-Specific Multicast

Section 21.6. Multicast Socket Options

Section 21.7. mcast_join and Related Functions

Section 21.8. dg_cli Function Using Multicasting

Section 21.9. Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements

Section 21.10. Sending and Receiving

Section 21.11. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)

Section 21.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 22. Advanced UDP Sockets

Section 22.1. Introduction

Section 22.2. Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index

Section 22.3. Datagram Truncation

Section 22.4. When to Use UDP Instead of TCP

Section 22.5. Adding Reliability to a UDP Application

Section 22.6. Binding Interface Addresses

Section 22.7. Concurrent UDP Servers

Section 22.8. IPv6 Packet Information

Section 22.9. IPv6 Path MTU Control

Section 22.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 23. Advanced SCTP Sockets

Section 23.1. Introduction

Section 23.2. An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server

Section 23.3. Partial Delivery

Section 23.4. Notifications

Section 23.5. Unordered Data

Section 23.6. Binding a Subset of Addresses

Section 23.7. Determining Peer and Local Address Information

Section 23.8. Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address

Section 23.9. Heartbeating and Address Failure

Section 23.10. Peeling Off an Association

Section 23.11. Controlling Timing

Section 23.12. When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP

Section 23.13. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 24. Out-of-Band Data

Section 24.1. Introduction

Section 24.2. TCP Out-of-Band Data

Section 24.3. sockatmark Function

Section 24.4. TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap

Section 24.5. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 25. Signal-Driven I/O

Section 25.1. Introduction

Section 25.2. Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets

Section 25.3. UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO

Section 25.4. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 26. Threads

Section 26.1. Introduction

Section 26.2. Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination

Section 26.3. str_cli Function Using Threads

Section 26.4. TCP Echo Server Using Threads

Section 26.5. Thread-Specific Data

Section 26.6. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)

Section 26.7. Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion

Section 26.8. Condition Variables

Section 26.9. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)

Section 26.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 27. IP Options

Section 27.1. Introduction

Section 27.2. IPv4 Options

Section 27.3. IPv4 Source Route Options

Section 27.4. IPv6 Extension Headers

Section 27.5. IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options

Section 27.6. IPv6 Routing Header

Section 27.7. IPv6 Sticky Options

Section 27.8. Historical IPv6 Advanced API

Section 27.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 28. Raw Sockets

Section 28.1. Introduction

Section 28.2. Raw Socket Creation

Section 28.3. Raw Socket Output

Section 28.4. Raw Socket Input

Section 28.5. ping Program

Section 28.6. traceroute Program

Section 28.7. An ICMP Message Daemon

Section 28.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 29. Datalink Access

Section 29.1. Introduction

Section 29.2. BSD Packet Filter (BPF)

Section 29.3. Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI)

Section 29.4. Linux: SOCK_PACKET and PF_PACKET

Section 29.5. libpcap: Packet Capture Library

Section 29.6. libnet: Packet Creation and Injection Library

Section 29.7. Examining the UDP Checksum Field

Section 29.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 30. Client/Server Design Alternatives

Section 30.1. Introduction

Section 30.2. TCP Client Alternatives

Section 30.3. TCP Test Client

Section 30.4. TCP Iterative Server

Section 30.5. TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client

Section 30.6. TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around accept

Section 30.7. TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around accept

Section 30.8. TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around accept

Section 30.9. TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing

Section 30.10. TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client

Section 30.11. TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread accept

Section 30.12. TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread accept

Section 30.13. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 31. Streams

Section 31.1. Introduction

Section 31.2. Overview

Section 31.3. getmsg and putmsg Functions

Section 31.4. getpmsg and putpmsg Functions

Section 31.5. ioctl Function

Section 31.6. Transport Provider Interface (TPI)

Section 31.7. Summary

Exercises

Appendix A. IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6

Section A.1. Introduction

Section A.2. IPv4 Header

Section A.3. IPv6 Header

Section A.4. IPv4 Addresses

Section A.5. IPv6 Addresses

Section A.6. Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)

Appendix B. Virtual Networks

Section B.1. Introduction

Section B.2. The MBone

Section B.3. The 6bone

Section B.4. IPv6 Transition: 6to4

Appendix C. Debugging Techniques

Section C.1. System Call Tracing

Section C.2. Standard Internet Services

Section C.3. sock Program

Section C.4. Small Test Programs

Section C.5. tcpdump Program

Section C.6. netstat Program

Section C.7. lsof Program

Appendix D. Miscellaneous Source Code

Section D.1. unp.h Header

Section D.2. config.h Header

Section D.3. Standard Error Functions

Appendix E. Solutions to Selected Exercises

Bibliography